What Makes A Good Person - 933 Words

The second reason for why adultery is ethically wrong is because it makes you a bad person. When confronted about cheating or considering cheating you would judge not by the consequences of it but by the morality of the act itself. You would be judged and questioned about your moral character. Moral character is the person you think you are and the person you’re aspired to be. This is the main element of virtue ethics. Virtue ethics focuses on specific qualities that make a good person. Also, what thrives and contributed to lead a successful life. Compared to utilitarian, virtue ethics doesn’t need any type of rules or formulas to deciding what qualities are virtues and vices. It states in Ethical Argument, â€Å"†¦virtue ethics tend to play down the importance of principles and stress the nature of the person who acts: A virtuous person, a person who cares about other people, will do the right thing†(). You can usually determine these based on common sense like kindness, honesty, and trustworthiness are virtues. Also, for this case, loyalty and devotion would represent a good person. If you desire to be a good person then adultery wouldn’t fit at all with virtue ethics. Also, Virtue ethicist’s stresses on the importance of moderation in everything, especially with virtues. For example, being too kind by giving away all your money to the less fortunate and ending up with needing financial aid. Also, being too honest can actually hurt others. For example, telling someone thatShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Good Person? Essay2229 Words   |  9 PagesIf you asked a random person on the street â€Å"what is a good person?† or â€Å"what is the good life?† you would likely receive a different answer from everyone. These answers would be different because everyone has their own ideas and opinions of what the answers should be. For many, a good person is someone who lives a good life, is a Christian, or someone who helps other individuals. For some, a good person might be someone who puts others first and someone who is reliable. The same applies to the answersRead MoreWhat Makes A Person Good Or Evil?871 Words   |  4 PagesWhat makes a person good or evil? Why are some people labeled as good and some evil? Why do some people have traits or characteristics of both good and evil? Are people truly evil or do they just make bad choices? Throughout our lives we are faced with making decisions about our lives and often the choices we make can determine the path we follow. Depending on our life choices we can be labeled as either good or evil. Good and evil are relative; one person can be good while another evil. Read MoreWhat Makes The Best Type Of Person Is The Most Honest And Good?1358 Words   |  6 Pagescivilization. Civilizations of which, have been built around justice. The best type of person is an admirable one. The capability to learn lessons and gain mental and physical strength while undergoing a hardship is what it means to be admirable. An admirable person is able to act with justice because they have gone through hardships and have evolved their character to be self-aware Gilgamesh is the most honest and good because he comes to recognize himself, who he was, and who he wishes to be. As aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Nightcrawler 947 Words   |  4 PagesThere are always two sides to every coin. For example, without evil, there can be no good. Is being a good person all about the things one does or is it about the reason one does the things they do? There s good and bad in everyone. Humanity isn t perfect, and our lives are so complex. In the film titled Nightcrawler, Louis Bloom shows viewers first-hand what it is like to be a journalist in the fast pace city of Los Angeles. Throughout the film, Louis attempts to manipulate the other charactersRead MoreHow Does Society Define A Good Life? Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesTo have a good life, one must aspire to obtain one. Many people aspire to lead a good life but they nearly never truly obtain one. Life has obstacles, which makes it difficult for a person to lead a good life. Living a good life wo uld be, being able to sustain oneself as well as one’s family members with little to no struggle. Equally important, a person should be happy while leading this so called, â€Å"Good Life.† â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† (Plato.) Knowing what makes you happy andRead MoreAn Argument On Virtue Ethics Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagesrespond to this objection that moral philosophy is sufficient for a virtuous person to make a decision in any given circumstances because it guides the person to be certain not in making the correct decision but in having virtuous intention. A person’s virtuous intention is based not by what end it reaches. It is by what action is made. Hursthouse might argue in our given example that the surgeon’s action is certain because he makes a decision with the intention to save a life of a patient instead of losingRead MoreWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesthat either make them good or bad; the question is which genes do you have? In Lord of the Flies by William Golding these kids start to thrive on their bad genes because their surroundings are playing a part of how they act. When the boys started to hunt they would like to kill pigs for fun. At one point they thought of it like a sport. Jack one the characters in the book would make fun of piggy for being fat and wearing glasses. This is due because jack has certain genes that already make him not likeRead MoreEthical Virtue Is A State Of The Soul1242 Words   |  5 Pagesintelligent person would define it.’ (NEâ… ¡.6) But, this definition itself is complex. Then, in this paper, I will explain what he means by this and evaluate this definition. First, Aristotle claims virtue should be a state that makes a human good and makes him function well. In Nicomachean Ethicsâ… ¡.5, he concluded that ethical virtue is a state of the soul. On the basis of this conclusion, he starts to discuss what kind of state is ethical virtue. Then, as a premise, he defines every virtue should make itsRead MoreHuman Nature : What Makes A Human Person?1511 Words   |  7 Pagesessence of what makes a human person what they are, is something that everybody has. Every person is innately a person, but how they put their personhood into action is the biggest indicator of their character, or the projection of a person’s human nature. At their core there is human nature, but their actions are what direct this source of humanity. The quality of someone’s actions is shaped by their environment and sometimes their biological makeup as well. Human nature does not have good or evilRead MoreWhat makes good people do bad things?1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhat makes good people do bad things? There are different types of people in the world, as they all have different behavior, personality, and culture. Everyone has a different view of what makes good people do bad things. It is amazing how such calm and nice people turn into such a bad people. There must be a psychology reason in order for them to turn like this. There are some factors I would like to know and also discuss of why people behave this way. Therefore, a person with different behavior

Parkinson s Disease Affects The Brain - 877 Words

As a neurodegenerative brain disorder, Parkinson’s disease affects the neurons in the human brain. This disease affects everyone differently. However, there are common symptoms that all patients with Parkinson’s experience. At this time, there is no cure for the disease, but there are several ways to improve the quality of life. Although research is never complete, there is a lot of information on Parkinson’s disease that individuals should know. Parkinson’s disease affects the brain of the individual. The disease affects the neurons in the brain that are responsible for producing dopamine. â€Å"In short, a person s brain slowly stops producing a neurotransmitter called dopamine. With less and less dopamine, a person has less and less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions† (â€Å"Understanding†). This leads to the symptoms frequently associated with Parkinson’s. While Parkinson’s disease is experienced differen tly in each case, there is a generic order in which the disease develops. There are five main stages that can be experienced. Not every patient will reach all stages, and the severity and rapidity varies. As the stages develop, the symptoms increase from mild and manageable, to intense. Parkinson’s disease has four main symptoms it is associated with: slowness of movement, tremors, stiffness, and trouble with balance. In order to be diagnosed, a patient must have â€Å"two of the four main symptoms present over a period of time† (â€Å"Understanding†). Along withShow MoreRelatedIs Parkinson Disease A Disease?1290 Words   |  6 Pages Parkinson Disease Danielle West University Of Arkansas Fort Smith Medical Terminology Fall of 2015 Introduction Parkinson is a disease that is a glitch in the neurons in the brain, which frequently affects the substantia nigra. Part of the dying neurons produces a chemical called dopamine. As this progresses, the dopamine in the brain decreases. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain which helps the body regulate coordination and movement in the body. Once Parkinson Disease (PD)Read MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Parkinson s Disease Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson Disease by Melissa Green Topical Bibliography In partial fulfillment of the writing requirement for Anatomy and Physiology 304 and the Department of Speech-Language Pathology SUNY Buffalo State Fall 2016 Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms or tremors, rigidity, (bradykinesia) or slowness of movement and posture instability. Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in theRead MoreParkinsonS Disease, Also Known As Pd, Shaking Palsy, And1530 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinson s disease, also known as PD, shaking palsy, and paralysis agitans is an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder; it rises from an unknown cause and increases in severity over time (Ronken). The disease was named after English physician James Parkinson, who first described it in 1817 (Weiner). PD can be defined as the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the area of the brain that contains dopamine cells and regulates movement. As the degeneration of neurons occurs,Read MoreParkinson Disease : A Brain Disorder1109 Words   |  5 Pages Parkinson Disease By Teri Gordon BIO 202 Harrisonburg Campus â€Æ' Teri Gordon BIO 202 Kevin Chakos Harrisonburg Campus Research Paper Parkinson Disease Parkinson Disease is a brain disorder that affects movement, loss of muscle control and balance. The first symptoms usually include a tremor of the hand, foot, or leg which is often termed as a â€Å"shaky palsy.† The disease usually slowly progresses with symptoms getting more intense over many years. Some patients who develop Parkinson’s inRead MoreThe Purpose Of My Research Conducted For This Paper Was1677 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of my research conducted for this paper was to examine the relationship between Parkinson s disorder and its connection to the anatomy of the human body. Parkinson s is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement due to the loss of Dopamine. Dopamine which is a neurotransmitter located in the brain allows signals to be transported from one nerve cell to another. Its purpose is to regulate both movement and cognition. The loss of these chemical messengers can causeRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Progressive Movement Disorder Of The Central Nervous System895 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson s disease is a chronic progressive movement disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and Parkinson’s like gait (leaning forward, small fast pace steps, shuffling, etc.). Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of nerve cells in the brain, entitled neurons. Although damage can be spread about, it primarily affects neuronsRead MoreParkinson s Disease : Disease1494 Words   |  6 PagesPARKINSON’S DISEASE INTRODUCTION: If you eat unhealthy, fatty foods your whole life, you have a higher risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or arteriosclerosis. If you have unprotected sex, you may contract a sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, or HIV/AIDS. But, Parkinson’s doesn’t racially discriminate, nor does it care if someone is wealthy, poor, educated, non-educated, male or female. Anyone can develop Parkinson’s disease. The disease begins inRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Progressive Loss Of Functioning Of The Brain1361 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive loss of functioning of the brain that results in stiffness, trembling and loss of fine motor control. This disease mainly affects the neurons in the particular area called the substantia nigra with a total loss of dopamine, the absence of these dopamine-producing cells causes the loss of the brain’s ability to control the body movements progressively (Parkinson’s disease, 2016). Parkinson’s disease is very common, with about 70000 Australians asRead MoreThe Impact Of Datscan On Diagnosis And Management Of Movement Disorders1108 Words   |  5 Pagestests are always exciting. Especially if these tests could possibly lead us to a cure for those diseases that currently have only treatment, but no cures. Parkinson s is a progressively degenerative disease, which affects millions of people every year. Patients suffering from Parkinson s incur high costs from drug therapy, fall-related injuries, and hospitalizations. By diagnosing this disease earlier, treatment can be started earlier and hopefully the symptoms can be delayed and less severeRead MoreNational Parkinson s Foundation : A Progressive Disorder Of The Central Nervous System1249 Words   |  5 PagesNational Parkinson s Foundation Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the central Nervous system and affects both motor and nonmotor functions. parkinson s is caused by a chemical imbalance within the brain. The brain produces a neurotransmitter called dopamine in the basal ganglia, which is structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain. If the Dopamine, Basal ganglia and Thalamus does not function properly then causes major damage,. A person having less and less dopamine

Immanuel Kant s Theory Essay - 996 Words

Krystal Bennett May 5, 2017 PHIL 1301 Final Paper Immanuel Kant’s theory is one that is completely different than those of Descartes. He disagrees with logic of Descartes, Kant believes that existence isn’t something that is a property of discovery, it is something that is real on its own terms. Kant believes that that rational explanation is insufficient without human freedom being a part of the equation. Just because one can provide a good reason and logical explanation on something doesn’t mean that it carries reality has to be the case. Kant believes that the reality of an experience must embody those logical laws. He constantly attacks rationale or logical explanation on morals because its more than just following rules. If it’s not†¦show more content†¦If an individual is doing drug are the interfering with themselves is it considered self-harm? Is there a such thing as self-crime? This will bring us to the topic of drug use. Kant mentions suicide and it is considered self-harm, you are ending your autonomy and interfering your life. Being that self-harm is when a interference takes place and a third party has to step in would it be necessary for that to happen if the individual isn’t interfering with their own life but doing drugs. Direct harm would be considered very similar to the harm principle, it is only when harm directly inflicted on an individual. Indirect-harm would be when you allow very 18 to try drugs. It could potentially ruin or effect society negatively. When it comes to consent, that would be when an individual in voluntary on the actions taking place. Drugs are only used as an means to an end or as an mere object. There is no other benefits that take place with drugs. Could consent be given? Is there anything good that comes from it? Enslavement is when something keeps you from being able to have full autonomy and keeps you from making those choices and having free will. Drugs could very well do that and I think Kant would very wel l agree that once you do a drug you are enslaved to it. You will constantly have to have it.Show MoreRelatedDeontology Is An Ethical Theory900 Words   |  4 Pagesgender. The theory of deontology has defined and developed the meaning of equal within society. However, it has been a slow process. Miscommunication and misunderstanding to the meaning of gender equality is responsible for personal and social tyranny. Happiness, fairness, and dignity have risen from social roles, poverty, and health reform that defined the message to the question of what it means to be equal and unequal among men and women using the deontology theory as this essay will demonstrateRead MoreFrench Revolution Vs. Immanuel Kant1265 Words   |  6 PagesDWC 201, Dr. Moffett Allison Lancaster Essay #1 French Revolution vs. Immanuel Kant In 1614, France’s Population changed dramatically. The citizens were placed in three classes of rank in society. These classes consisted of the Nobels, who were born of royal blood, the Aristocrats, who were independently wealthy, and then the rest of the population who were less fortunate in life. These non-aristocratic members made up 98 percent of the Third Estate, but even so, could still be outvotedRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent societies. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there are two which are usually compared to one another, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), which contain s both â€Å"theRead MoreThe Critique Of Judgement : Immanuel Kant1841 Words   |  8 Pages Jared Martin 4/23/15 Final Essay In 1790, Immanuel Kant created a piece of work known as the Critique of Judgement. In his work, the Critique of Judgement, Immanuel Kant moves his attention to focusing on aesthetics and what truly makes a piece of art beautiful and pleasing to the eye. Up until around the 1780s Immanuel Kant did not particularly worry or concern himself with aesthetics and how that judges an object or piece of art. It was only in the 1780s that Kant started to take an interestRead MoreThe Democratic Peace Theory954 Words   |  4 PagesThe democratic peace theory was not always seen as the substantial argument and significant contribution to the field of International Relations that it is today. Prior to the 1970’s, it was the realist and non-realist thought that took preeminence in political theoretical thinking. Though the democratic peace theory was first criticized for being inaccurate in its claim that democracy promotes peace and as such democracies do not conflict with each other, tr ends, statistical data, reports have suggestedRead MoreImmanuel Kants View on Human Nature and the Relationship between Nations2105 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Immanuel Kants View on Human Nature and Relationship between Nations Immanuel Kant (1724 1804) was born in Kaliningrad in East Prussia. Kant spent his working life there and also produced work on various subject matters including ethics metaphysics, epistemology, aesthetics etc. He published his three famous critiques and wrote on religion, eternal peace and politics. All of the above, Kant was the philosopher of human autonomy. He was of the view that human beings can determine and manageRead More Truth and Goodness in Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas Essays3146 Words   |  13 Pages Immanuel Kant and St. Thomas Aquinas account for the existence of truth in sharply contrasting ways. Kant locates all truth inside the mind, as a pure product of reason, operating by means of rational categories. Although Kant acknowledges that all knowledge originates in the intuition of the senses, the intelligibility of sense experience he attributes to innate forms of apperception and to categories inherent to the mind. The innate categories shape the â€Å"phenomena† of sensible being, andRead MoreThe Ethics Of Non Voluntary Active Euthanasia1050 Words   |  5 Pagesduty and obligation. A medical professional in such situations have an obligation to fulfill the patient s wishes. The nature of their obligation does not sway based on what th ey personally think. Patients with dementia have some moments of clarity, but because their brains are still deteriorating, non- voluntary active euthanasia should still be permissible under these conditions. In the theory of deontology, it is defined as â€Å"the focus on the duties and obligations one has in carrying out actionsRead MoreKant And The Prince Niccolo Di Bernardo Dei Machiavelli978 Words   |  4 Pagesis a very strong revolving criticism based upon certain theories that are needed to stabilize and control society or even so, expand our minds beyond what we already know. Two very iconic philosophers Immanuel Kant and The Prince Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (1469-1527?) Manifest their theories on the portrayal of society and how discipline and authority regulate us. Kant expresses his theory in his â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† (1784) Essay where he describes the immaturity of men is what makesRead MoreCategorical Imperative2266 Words   |  10 Pagescategorical imperative n. In the ethical system of Immanuel Kant, an unconditional moral law that applies to all rational beings and is independent of any personal motive or desire QUICK FACTS * NAME:  Immanuel Kant * OCCUPATION:  Philosopher * BIRTH DATE:  April 22, 1724 * DEATH DATE:  February 12, 1804 * PLACE OF BIRTH:  Kaliningrad (now Konigsburg), Russia * PLACE OF DEATH:  Kaliningrad (now Konigsburg), Russia Profile Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724, in Kaliningrad (now

Watergate The Unfinished Business - 843 Words

The biggest political scandal in the US yet, the Watergate scandal follows a series of events leading up to the end of the Nixon presidency. Starting with the break-in of the Democratic National Committee in 1972, and the inconsistencies in subsequent investigations set the ball rolling toward the unpleasant end of Richard Nixon’s political career. Not only did it expose the conspiracy to subvert the political process, it also paved way for a wave of political and democratic reforms in the US. In the wake of the scandal, diverse views were expressed through print media. This paper explores the opinions of two major print media: Editorial: â€Å"Watergate: The Unfinished Business† by the â€Å"Washington Post and in Defense of Richard Nixon† by Dean Burch to understand how the event was covered and how arguments made help readers understand the Watergate crisis. In defense of President Richard Nixon, his Whitehouse special assistant, Dean Burch writes to the Chicago Tribune following the Tribune’s calls for Nixon to resign the presidency. â€Å"In Defense of Richard Nixon† Burch (1973), sites the transcript in an attempt to demonstrate Nixon’s effort to uncover the Watergate scandal. According to Burch, president Nixon is caught between the need to protect those close to him as well as the republic while not trouncing the rule of law. Clearly Burch is defending Nixon’s actions following the exposure of the scandal arguing that the President’s response to the internal crisis was typical,Show MoreRelatedCtu History 101 Ip31029 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Watergate scandal. The first article is â€Å"The Washington Post Editorial Watergate: The unfinished business.† The other article that I will be discussing and comparing is one written by Dean Burch. â€Å"In Defense of Richard Nixon.† I wil l provide a brief summary of the two arguments as well as describe how the Watergate events changed American views in politics and politicians. I will also speculate how the events could have been different if the media and population during the Watergate scandal

Mental Health Essay Example For Students

Mental Health Essay 1. Healthy Relationships- Being in an abusive relationship can be very hard on a person. Being in a healthy relationship can be rewarding and fun. In a healthy relationship you must have many things, trust is one, dont be jealous and share your feelings. It involves fair fighting, no hitting, pushing or grabbing, arguments should focus on hear and now. Things of an abusive relationship are, like physically abused, being slammed in to things, or being forced to stay, when you want to leave, and wrecking or destroying personal property. Emotional abuse is also used in unhealthy relationships. Telling you no one else will want you dont care for your feelings. If you want your relationship to be healthy always include I messages. Effective communication and always confront him or her when something is wrong. 2. They sometimes carry on conversations or are told to do things by one or may voices that are not there. Very rarely, but still as devastating, some experience visual hallucinations or smell odd smells coming from themselves. (Young, 67-68) More that 300,000 adults in this country are unable to distinguish their imaginations from reality In the 1700s and the 1800s, before much was known about mental diseases, schizophrenia was thought of as witchcraft (Nichols pg. 1). Anyone who displayed signs of this disease was thought to have been possessed. The Puritans believed distraction, as they called it, was either possession by the devil, or punishment for sins. Yet, the strange behavior of those afflicted was looked upon with tolerance. Through much of the 1700s, family or friends were expected to take care of the mentally ill. Dorothea Dix was a school teacher who took up the cause of the mentally ill in the mid 1800s, found disturbed individuals living in sordid conditions, confined in cages, closets, cellars, stalls and pens: chained, naked, beaten with rods and lashed into obedience. She worked to help these people live a more normal life. (Goode A dismal outlook for schizophrenia was dramatically changed in the 1950s with the development of the first antipsychotic drug, Chlorpromazine. Since then, more that a dozen other similar-acting antipsychotic medications have been developed. These drugs work by blocking binding sites of dopamine, which is a main factor in schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine was first used as an antihistamine. Then, it was found to calm hyperactive schizophrenic patients out of withdrawal and reduced major symptoms of the disease. A lot of false medication was used before the discovery of chlorpromazine. An insulin coma, as one example, was used to relieve most symptoms by overloading the patients body with insulin. This helped some patients, because it calmed them down, but killed most of them. Electroconvulsive therapy, where brief pulses of electronegativity are passed through the brain, was also used. It was thought that using this type of treatment, symptoms could be reduced or eliminated, but it did neither. This only helped the severely depressed and only calmed them for a little while. Doctors also attempted a frontal lobotomy, which was a surgical removal of the front parts of the brain. A frontal lobotomy was done because it was thought that the front part of the brain was responsible for schizophrenia. This did nothing but make a quieter patient. These practices were commonly used to try to suppress the main symptoms of schizophrenia. Mainly, these practices did nothing but torture the patient and make him or her suffer extremely. (Young 67-68) Many schizophrenics will carry on conversations with voices or people who are not really there. The voices may tell them what to do and how to harm themselves or others. This puts the patient at a huge risk for committing suicide. The medication that is prescribed to them attempts to stop the voices or other symptoms. JITTERS COFFE RESTAURANT Essay In turn, most schizophrenics would experience severely painful side effects. These side effects included constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth and blurred vision, which would most like diminish after a few weeks. Other side effects that is less likely to diminish included restlessness, slurred speech, trembling .

Law Australian Contract Law

Question: Discuss what the term sufficient means in this context and whether the statement is accurate in regards to Australian contract law. Answer: Introduction: consideration is the price that is asked by the promisor in lieu of the promise therefore, consideration can be described as the price that is paid by the promisee in return of the promise made by the promisor. According to common law, for the purpose of creating a legally binding agreement, it is required that consideration should be provided by the promisee in return of the promise that has been made by the promisor. The result of this legal position is that generally the gratuitous promises are not enforced by the law although some exceptions are present. Therefore, the law of contract provides that gratuitous promises cannot be enforced by the court and it is necessary for a legally enforceable agreement that some consideration should have been provided by the promisee. In this way, consideration is the price that the promisor has stipulated for the promise made by him. At this point, it needs to be mentioned that in context of consideration, 'price' is used in its wider sense. As a result, it is not necessary for consideration to be monetary in nature and moreover it is not even necessary that the consideration should at least have any monetary value. The only thing that is required in such a case is that the consideration should have some detriment that will be suffered by the promisee. Therefore the detriment suffered by the promise that can be the losing of a freedom that the promisee otherwise enjoys. An example in this regard can be given of a promise according to which the promisee agrees to study on a Saturday night or where the promisee agrees to quit smoking. As a result, in case of consideration, it is not necessary that some tangible benefit should be received by the promisor. An example in this regard can be given of the famous case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company in which it was mentioned that consideration was present in the form of the detriment suffered by Mrs. Carlill as a result of using the snowball as per the directions given by the company although no direct benefit has been received by the company by such use. However, in this case it was also mentioned that infect a monetary benefit has been received by the company. The law of contract also requires in this regard that consideration should be provided by the promisee however in such cases it is not required that it should be provided to the promisor only. For example if the promisor asks that some money should be given by the promisee (B) to C a third-party, in such a case the money can be the consideration in the present case. But if it is required by A that the money should be given by C, this does not amount to a consideration. The reason is that in such a case, the promisee (B) has not suffered a detriment. On the other hand in case of joint promisees, the consideration provided by only one of the promisees is considered as good consideration. According to the law of contract, a consideration can be anything specified by the promisor. Therefore, the consideration for the promise made by the promisor has to be stipulated by the promisor himself and it is not possible for the promisee to offer something and then turn the same as the consideration. The only thing that is required in such a case that the consideration specified by the promisor should be legal. As long as his condition is satisfied, the consideration can take place in any form. The law does not require that the consideration provided by the promisee should be comparable in value to the promise made by the promisor. In this regard the case of Chappell v Nestl Co. Ltd. needs to be noted. In this case, the famous statement was made by Lord Somervell according to which a 'peppercorn' can be treated as consideration if the promisor has specified the same to be the consideration for the promise even if it is known that the promisor did not like peppers and also disca rded the corn. But at this point it also needs to be mentioned that in some other aspects, the issue related with the adequacy of consideration can be significant, especially in cases where the duress or unconscionable conduct has been alleged. The facts before the court in this case were that for promoting their chocolate, Nestl Company advertised that a musical record will be supplied to all the persons who will send some money to the company along with three wrappers of the chocolate of the company. As a result, the court has to decide if these empty wrappers of chocolate can be treated as a consideration. The court decided this issue with the help of the offer made by the company. It was mentioned in the offer that the wrappers will allow a person to get a hit musical record. However, to refute this contention, Nestl company claimed that the wrappers of chocolate did not have any value. While deciding the case, Lord Somervell made the famous statement according to which anything can be stipulated by a party to the contract as consideration. As a result, even a peppercorn can be considered as good consideration although the promisee did not like the pepper and also threw away the corn. As a result, the legal position tha t a consideration can be anything that the promisor has stipulated was further strengthened by this decision. At the same time it is also not necessary for consideration to be adequately and the only requirement is that consideration should not be illusionary. But in this regard it is required that consideration should be something to which a value can be attributed by law or in other words, the consideration should be present and in existence. In this way, an illusionary undertaking is not a good consideration for the creation of a contract. Similarly, there is another requirement according to which, consideration should come into existence along with the promise or it should arise soon after making the promise. Therefore if the stipulated consideration existed even before the promise, such a consideration is not a good consideration. In Roscorla v Thomas, the issue of past consideration was elaborately discussed by the court. The court stated that the promise in that case was not binding on the parties as the only consideration provided in return of the promise made for the soundness of horse was the original contract but that had already taken place before the promise has been made. The facts of this case are that P purchased the horse from D and afterwards D made a promise regarding the soundness of the horse. In reality the horse was not sound and P sued D for the breach of promise. As a result, it was stated by the court that consideration was not present for the promise made by D regarding the soundness of the horse. The contract between the parties regarding the sale of the horse that has been alleged to be the consideration for the promise made by D had already been entered into by the parties before the promise has been made. As a result, the court stated that the promise made by D was not included in the bargain and that bargain has not been made in exchange of the promise. But at the same time, an exception is also present to the general rule that provides that a past consideration is not a good consideration. Therefore, this exception provides that even a past consideration can also be treated as good consideration if the same has been provided after the request of the promisor or if there was an understanding between the parties that the act will be compensated, and at the same time if such promise occurred before the promise, in such a case, the promises and enforceable by the court. The law of contract also provides in this regard that when an existing duty has been performed by a party, it cannot be treated as a good consideration for the contract. Therefore the statement which provides that the consideration needs to be sufficient but it is not necessary that it should be adequate also means that in the eyes of law, consideration needs to be sufficient but in such cases it does not require that the consideration provided by the promisee should also be adequate. The only thing that is recording gives a consideration is the presence of a certain value that is capable of being expressed in economic terms but the law does not require that the consideration should also be adequate. The result of this situation is that according to the law of contract, the courts do not enforce a gratuitous promise. Similarly, the law does not treat natural love and affection as well as other sentimental motives are not treated as valid consideration. The result of this position is that the courts do not go into the question related with the adequacy of the consideration and do not make an effort to investigate if equal value has been received by th e parties. Therefore, even if A makes an offer to sell his house for one dollar only, it amounts to a valid consideration. But if A offers to sell the house for nothing at all, in such a case consideration is not present and therefore the agreement cannot be enforced by law. An example in this regard can be given of Thomas v Thomas in which there was a promise to pay the rent of 1 pound per annum however this issue is not considered as relevant for deciding the sufficiency of consideration. At the same time, the court did not go into the question of the adequacy of consideration. Another example in this regard can be given of Chappell v Nestl which further strengthened this rule that the court will not go into the question of the adequacy of consideration. Under the circumstances it is justified that the courts consider the issue related with the adequacy of consideration in the light of the freedom of contract. It has been provided in this regard that the parties are free to stipulate anything as the consideration for the contract between them. In this regard, the courts will not make any interference in the choice of the parties only on the grounds that it appears to the court that one of the parties has received a bad bargain. The decision of the court in Chappell was probably based on the reasoning that the requirement according to which the wrappers of chocolate need to be sent to the company would have certainly resulted in encouraging many people to buy the chocolates of Nestl. Conclusion: On the basis of the above-mentioned discussion, it emerges that the law is in favor of the statement according to which consideration needs to be sufficient but at the same time it is not required that the consideration should be adequate also. As a result of this position, at the time of considering the 'value' that can be attributed to the consideration, the courts do not consider the issue of the 'adequacy' of consideration for the purpose of saying if a fair price has been paid under the contract or not. In this regard, the courts are only considered with the fact that the consideration that has been paid in return of the promise should be capable of being expressed in terms of economic value. As a result of this position, intangibles like lack of boredom and emotions are not treated by the courts as valuable consideration. In such a case, it is only required that there should be some economic value of the consideration that has been paid by the party to the contract. References Paterson, Robertson Duke, Principles of Contract Law (Lawbook Co, 3rd ed, 2009) Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Thomas v Thomas, 1842 2 QB 851 White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36